![]() ![]() The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline co-sponsored a Phase 3 clinical trial of a candidate subunit herpes vaccine on nearly 8,000 women across the country. Researchers have developed many experimental attenuated and inactivated herpes vaccines, starting in the 1930s and continuing through the 1970s, though none was effective enough to be approved and licensed. The infection can remain in the body indefinitely, and sores can recur again and again. Some infected people may have few or no symptoms of illness, but many others experience blisters and sores in the genital area. Genital herpes is a viral infection caused by herpes simplex viruses. The picture is different for children: infants and children who become infected with hepatitis B are much more likely than adults to become chronically infected. The others remain infected and are at risk for serious liver disease. Up to 95% of adults infected with the virus recover and do not become chronically (permanently) infected. Symptoms of hepatitis B infection include fever, abdominal pain, and jaundice, among others. It can be spread sexually, or through sharing injection drug use equipment, needle sticks, birth to an infected mother, contact with open sores or wounds of an infected person, and sharing razors or toothbrushes with an infected person. Hepatitis B is an illness caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and transmitted via contact with infectious bodily fluids. A nine-valent vaccine (HPV9, Gardasil 9) was approved in 2014. All HPV vaccines use just a protein from the shell of certain HPV types: they contain no viral RNA or DNA, and so cannot cause disease or replicate in the body. FDA approved another vaccine, Cervarix (HPV2) from GlaxoSmithKline, which protects against two types of HPV, in 2009. Food and Drug Administration approved Gardasil (HPV4), a Merck vaccine for four types of HPV, in 2006. Mathematical models have shown that more than 80% of women will have been infected with genital HPV by the time they reach age 50. HPV is common: a recent study showed nearly 27% of women aged 14-59 tested positive for one or more strains of HPV. Other HPV types are the main cause of cervical cancer, and some are associated with anal, penile, mouth, and throat cancers. However, certain types of HPV cause genital warts in other people. Most people who contract HPV have no symptoms, and they quickly clear the virus from their bodies. This article will only discuss sexually transmitted HPV. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) belong to a large family of viruses, only some of which are sexually transmitted. Therefore, vaccines for certain viral STIs are in use, and others are in development. ![]() Viral STIs are often highly persistent despite current therapeutic options or have no acceptable treatment available. The availability of treatments means vaccines against these diseases are not a top priority, although the increased resistance of gonorrhea to antibiotics may lead to a shift in priorities. They are usually effectively treated with antibiotics, although many patients do not know that they are infective and can spread the disease to other partners. Some STIs, such as gonorrhea, Chlamydia, and syphilis, are caused by bacteria. In some cases, people can further reduce their risk of contracting a sexually transmitted infection by being vaccinated. Risk of contracting STIs can be reduced by avoiding sexual contact, or by consistent use of condoms during sexual activity, or by practicing safer forms of sexual intimacy. Some STIs have other, nonsexual means of transmission. STI stands for sexually transmitted infection (sexually transmitted disease, or STD, is also used.) People contract STIs through sexual contact with an infected person.
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